Terrorism is a global scourge. How has it manifested in India? Elaborate with contemporary examples. What are the counter measures adopted by the state? Explain (150 Words) upsc mains2025 model answer

Terrorism is a global scourge. How has it manifested in India? Elaborate with contemporary examples. What are the counter measures adopted by the state? Explain

Introduction

Terrorism is a global scourge undermining peace, security, and development. India, due to its size, diversity, and geopolitical position, has been one of the worst affected countries. Terrorism in India manifests in cross-border, ideological, and internal forms, threatening national security and social harmony.

 

Manifestations of Terrorism in India

  1. Cross-Border Terrorism
    • Sponsored mainly from Pakistan through groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), Hizbul Mujahideen.
    • Example: Pulwama attack (2019), recent Operation Sindoor (2025) strikes against terror camps in PoK.
  2. Left-Wing Extremism (LWE)
    • Naxalite-Maoist insurgency in Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, and Maharashtra.
    • Example: Dantewada attack (2023) killing security personnel.
  3. Ethno-Nationalist Terrorism
    • Insurgencies in Northeast by groups like NSCN-IM, ULFA.
    • Example: Violence in Manipur (2023–24) with ethnic and insurgent undertones.
  4. Religious Extremism & Radicalisation
    • ISIS-inspired modules, radicalisation through online propaganda.
    • Example: Coimbatore blast (2022), Kerala youth joining ISIS.
  5. Urban Terrorism
    • Targeting cities and critical infrastructure.
    • Example: 26/11 Mumbai attacks (2008), foiled drone attacks on Jammu airbase (2021).

 

Counter-Measures Adopted by the State

  1. Legislative & Institutional
    • Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), NIA Act (2008).
    • Establishment of National Investigation Agency (NIA) and Multi-Agency Centre (MAC) for intelligence sharing.
  2. Security Operations
    • Surgical Strikes (2016) and Balakot Airstrikes (2019) against cross-border camps.
    • Counter-insurgency operations like Operation Sindoor (2025).
  3. Capacity Building
    • Strengthening Special Forces, anti-terror squads, coastal security, and border fencing with smart technology.
  4. De-radicalisation and Developmental Measures
    • Skill-building, infrastructure, and welfare schemes in LWE and insurgency-affected areas.
    • Community policing and youth engagement programmes.
  5. International Cooperation
    • Intelligence sharing via Interpol, FATF compliance, UN designations of terrorists.
    • Bilateral and multilateral collaborations (Quad, SCO) to combat terror financing and cyber radicalisation.

 

Conclusion

Terrorism in India is multi-dimensional, ranging from cross-border infiltration to homegrown radicalisation. The state has responded with a mix of hard (security, laws) and soft (development, de-radicalisation) measures. However, the challenge requires constant vigilance, community participation, and international cooperation to ensure long-term peace and security.

 Note: This model Answer for Reference Purpose only

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